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Diffstat (limited to 'Fosdem2023')
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/Makefile | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/contents.md | 488 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/BASE.svg | 118 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/Bootstrapping.svg | 378 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/Sneaky-Compiler.svg | 267 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/Source-Binary-Compiler.svg | 172 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/Source-Binary.svg | 154 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/img/meme.jpg | bin | 0 -> 41379 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fosdem2023/template.tex | 236 |
9 files changed, 1838 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Fosdem2023/Makefile b/Fosdem2023/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f2daf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fosdem2023/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +TARGET = presentation.pdf + +TEMPLATE = template.tex +CONTENT = contents.md + +# IMG_DIR = img +# IMG_SRCS = $(wildcard $(IMG_DIR)/*.svg) +# IMG_BASENAME = $(notdir $(basename $(IMG_SRCS))) +# TMP_IMG_DIR = tmp +# IMGS = $(addsuffix .png, $(addprefix $(TMP_IMG_DIR)/, $(IMG_BASENAME))) + +all: $(TARGET) + +$(TARGET): $(CONTENT) $(TEMPLATE) # $(IMGS) + pandoc -f markdown+smart -t beamer $(CONTENT) -o $(TARGET) --pdf-engine=xelatex --template=$(TEMPLATE) + +# $(IMGS): $(TMP_IMG_DIR)/%.png: $(IMG_DIR)/%.svg +# mkdir -p $(TMP_IMG_DIR) +# inkscape $< --export-filename $@ --export-type=png --export-background-opacity=0.0 + +clean: + rm -r $(TARGET) # $(TMP_IMG_DIR) + +.PHONY: all clean $(CONTENT) $(TEMPLATE) + diff --git a/Fosdem2023/contents.md b/Fosdem2023/contents.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..924371c --- /dev/null +++ b/Fosdem2023/contents.md @@ -0,0 +1,488 @@ +--- +title: "Bringing RISC-V to Guix's bootstrap" + +subtitle: What's done and what we need to do + +license: CC-BY-SA +author: Ekaitz Zárraga +links-as-notes: true +lang: spanish +polyglossia-lang: + name: english +how-to: pandoc -f markdown+smart -t beamer contents.md -o beamer.pdf --pdf-engine=xelatex --template=template.tex +header-includes: + - \usepackage{multicol} + - \newcommand{\hideFromPandoc}[1]{#1} + - \hideFromPandoc{ + \let\Begin\begin + \let\End\end + } +... + +## Who I am +- Telecommunication engineer (EEE equivalent) +- Freelance engineer/programmer at [ElenQ.Tech](https://elenq.tech) +- Guix user and contributor +- You might remember me from my talk last year: + *"A year of RISC-V adventures: embracing chaos in your software journey"* + + +## Intro + +- Last year I asked [NlNet for a grant][nlnet-grant]. +- I wanted to push the bootstrapping effort for RISC-V, and they funded me to + do so. +- In this talk I'm going to introduce what I did[^1], what I think it's more or + less done and what's missing. + +[nlnet-grant]: https://nlnet.nl/project/GNUMes-RISCV/index.html + +[^1]: Read the longer version here: <https://ekaitz.elenq.tech/tag/bootstrapping-gcc-in-risc-v.html> + +# Intro to bootstrapping + +## Free software is not enough + +We love Free Software because it helps us audit our programs. + +{width=200px} + +But do we know if the source code we read actually maps to the binary we are +executing? **Not really** + +## Reproducibility + +{width=200px} + +In Guix we have **reproducibility**, so we can make sure some inputs (the +source, the compiler and the environment where it runs) always produce the same +outputs. + +**We can challenge the binaries**, so nobody will give us a malicious binary. + +## Trusting trust + +{width=200px} + +## Trusting trust + +{width=160px} + +Reproducibility here will only make sure we generate the same **corrupt** +binary. + +> This kind of attack [can be done in real life][ken-trust]. + +[ken-trust]: https://niconiconi.neocities.org/posts/ken-thompson-really-did-launch-his-trusting-trust-trojan-attack-in-real-life/ + +## Recursive problem, recursive solution + +The compiler is a program too. **This issue is recursive**: a corrupt compiler +could corrupt it's output compiler! + +{width=300px} + +## Recursive problem, recursive solution + +{width=200px} + +If we could have a compiler that we can make sure its output is not corrupt +(**but how?**), we could make sure all the chain is correct. + +## In practice + +GNU+Linux distributions often rely in many prebuilt binaries: Bash, GCC, +Coreutils, Python... + +Some distributions like Guix are interested on reducing the amount of binaries +they have to trust. + +We can compile most of **The World** from source using a powerful compiler (GCC +FTW). But we can't use a pre-built compiler (remember the previous slides?) + +**The key**: Who is compiling the compiler? + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) +2. GCC 11 (requires ISO C++98 compiler) + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) +2. GCC 11 (requires ISO C++98 compiler) +3. GCC 4.8 (requires ISO C89 compiler) + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) +2. GCC 11 (requires ISO C++98 compiler) +3. GCC 4.8 (requires ISO C89 compiler) +4. GCC 3.4 (requires K&R compiler) + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) +2. GCC 11 (requires ISO C++98 compiler) +3. GCC 4.8 (requires ISO C89 compiler) +4. GCC 3.4 (requires K&R compiler) +5. ... + +## In practice - II + +Let's try with GCC: + +0. The World (requires a modern GCC) +1. Modern GCC (requires ISO C++11 compiler) +2. GCC 11 (requires ISO C++98 compiler) +3. GCC 4.8 (requires ISO C89 compiler) +4. GCC 3.4 (requires K&R compiler) +5. ... + +*I didn't mention libraries here, that's also a lot of fun* + +## Guix's bootstrapping + +0. The World +1. Modern GCC +2. GCC 7.5 +3. GCC 4.6.4 +4. GCC 2.95 +5. TinyCC + - Bootstrappable TinyCC +6. GNU Mes +7. Stage0-POSIX => **SOURCE CODE** + +## GNU Mes + +> GNU Mes is a Scheme interpreter and C compiler for bootstrapping the GNU +> System. Since version 0.22 it has again helped to halve the size of opaque, +> uninspectable binary seeds that are currently being used in the Further +> Reduced Binary Seed bootstrap of GNU Guix. **The final goal is to help create +> a full-source bootstrap as part of the bootstrappable builds effort for +> UNIX-like operating systems**. + +> The Scheme interpreter is written in ~5,000 LOC of simple C, and the C +> compiler written in Scheme and these are mutual self-hosting. Mes can now be +> bootstrapped from M2-Planet and Mescc-Tools. + +<https://www.gnu.org/software/mes/> + + +## Stage0-POSIX + +> It bootstraps all these from a single 256 byte seed (which you will find in +> the folder bootstrap-seeds). **The ultimate goal is for this to bootstrap all +> the way up to GCC**. + +> There is only one "missing" part that is not bootstrappable from the hex0 +> seed: a kernel. This issue is not yet solved and at the moment the kernel is +> trusted. + +<https://github.com/oriansj/stage0-posix> + + +## Boostrapping - wrapping up + + + + +# RISC-V support + +## Guix's bootstrapping - RISC-V support + +\Begin{multicols}{2} + +0. The World +1. Modern GCC +2. GCC 7.5 +3. GCC 4.6.4 +4. GCC 2.95 +5. TinyCC + - Bootstrappable TinyCC +6. GNU Mes +7. Stage0-POSIX + +\columnbreak + +- N/A +- YES +- YES +- NO +- NO +- YES + - NO +- PARTIAL +- YES + +\End{multicols} + + +## Guix's bootstrapping - RISC-V support *SPOILER* + +\Begin{multicols}{2} + +0. The World +1. Modern GCC +2. GCC 7.5 +3. GCC 4.6.4 +4. GCC 2.95 +5. TinyCC + - Bootstrappable TinyCC +6. GNU Mes +7. Stage0-POSIX + +\columnbreak + +- N/A +- YES +- YES +- ~~NO~~ *I backported this* +- ~~NO~~ *We will remove it* +- YES + - ~~NO~~ *I backported this* +- PARTIAL +- YES *I made some of this* + +\End{multicols} + +# What I did + +## GCC + +GCC uses a Davidson-Fraser model. Meaning that it uses an intermediate language +that is machine dependant: RTL (Register Transfer Language). + +``` +HLL -> GIMPLE -> RTL -> OPTIMIZATIONS -> RTL -> ASSEMBLY +``` + +GCC is only a coordinator: it calls `as` and `ld` from binutils as the +assembler and linker. + +- `GIMPLE -> RTL`: is done using identifiers. The GIMPLE nodes match insn + identifiers. + +- `RTL -> OPTIMIZATIONS`: RTL matches the RTL templates we write in the + backend part of GCC. Those can be expanded to other RTL expressions. + +- `RTL -> ASSEMBLY`: The expanded RTL expressions are matched against RTL + templates that also describe their equivalent in assembly and assembly is + generated from them. + +## GCC + +RTL templates are written in LISP in machine descriptor files (`*.md`), they +look like this: + +\small +``` lisp +(define_insn + "adddi3" ;; Identifier + + ;; The behavior of the instruction + [(set (match_operand:DI 0 "register_operand" "=r,r") + (plus:DI (match_operand:DI 1 "register_operand" "r,r") + (match_operand:DI 2 "arith_operand" "r,I"))) + ] + + "TARGET_64BIT" ;; Predicate to test + "add\t%0,%1,%2" ;; Assembly output template + + ;; Attributes + [(set_attr "type" "arith") + (set_attr "mode" "DI")]) +``` +\normalsize + +## GCC + +Apart from that GCC needs tons of other definitions in order to get another +target: + +- Target description macros and functions +- Libraries like libgcc and many others + +## GCC - What I did + +Cherry picked the RISC-V support from GCC 7.5 to GCC 4.6.4 + +1. There were missing insns => Used older ones that were equivalent. +2. Some RTL constructs (`int_iterator`) didn't exist in 4.6.4 => Expanded the + iterator by hand. +3. There were missing predicates => Copied them. +4. The internal GCC API moved from C to C++ in the meantime => I had to convert + the code from using a class to the older interface. +5. Memory barriers didn't exist back then => Always introduce a `fence` to make + sure code is correct. +6. `libgcc` is a mess => Play around until it works + +**TL;DR**: Touch everything until it works. + +## GCC - What I did + +Finally I managed to make a GCC 4.6.4 that is able to generate RISC-V binary. + +See the blog for a more detailed description of the changes: + +- <https://ekaitz.elenq.tech/bootstrapGcc3.html> +- <https://ekaitz.elenq.tech/bootstrapGcc4.html> + + +## Bootstrappable TinyCC + +TinyCC has RISC-V support but it's not boostrappable using GNU Mes. + +The bootstrappable fork of TinyCC GNU Mes uses is old => Backport again. + +## Bootstrappable TinyCC - What I did + +Copy the relevant files from the upstream TinyCC and: + +0. Prepare a reproducible way to build the Bootstrappable TinyCC. +1. Just read the code and make it match. + **SURPRISE**: The code is really hard to read... But I eventually managed to + make it work. +2. Some core code was needed for the backend to work => Remove it! It was only + some optimization code! + +More detailed description of the changes: + +- <https://ekaitz.elenq.tech/bootstrapGcc6.html> + +## Bootstrappable TinyCC - What I did + +\tiny +\Begin{multicols}{2} + +**OPTIMIZED VERSION** +``` +0000000000000000 <main>: + 0: fd010113 addi sp,sp,-48 + 4: 02113423 sd ra,40(sp) + 8: 02813023 sd s0,32(sp) + c: 03010413 addi s0,sp,48 + 10: 00000013 nop + 14: fea43423 sd a0,-24(s0) + 18: feb43023 sd a1,-32(s0) + 1c: 0130051b addiw a0,zero,19 + 20: fca42e23 sw a0,-36(s0) + 24: 05a0051b addiw a0,zero,90 + 28: fca42c23 sw a0,-40(s0) + 2c: fdc42503 lw a0,-36(s0) + 30: 00051463 bnez a0,38 <main+0x38> + 34: 0180006f j 4c <main+0x4c> + 38: fd842503 lw a0,-40(s0) + 3c: 00051463 bnez a0,44 <main+0x44> + 40: 00c0006f j 4c <main+0x4c> + 44: 0010051b addiw a0,zero,1 + 48: 0100006f j 58 <main+0x58> + 4c: 00008537 lui a0,0x8 + 50: 7005051b addiw a0,a0,1792 + 54: 00000033 add zero,zero,zero + 58: 02813083 ld ra,40(sp) + 5c: 02013403 ld s0,32(sp) + 60: 03010113 addi sp,sp,48 + 64: 00008067 ret +``` +\columnbreak +**UNOPTIMIZED VERSION** +``` +0000000000000000 <main>: + 0: fd010113 addi sp,sp,-48 + 4: 02113423 sd ra,40(sp) + 8: 02813023 sd s0,32(sp) + c: 03010413 addi s0,sp,48 + 10: 00000013 nop + 14: fea43423 sd a0,-24(s0) + 18: feb43023 sd a1,-32(s0) + 1c: 0130051b addiw a0,zero,19 + 20: fca42e23 sw a0,-36(s0) + 24: 05a0051b addiw a0,zero,90 + 28: fca42c23 sw a0,-40(s0) + 2c: fdc42503 lw a0,-36(s0) + 30: 00051463 bnez a0,38 <main+0x38> + 34: 01c0006f j 50 <main+0x50> + 38: fd842503 lw a0,-40(s0) + 3c: 00051463 bnez a0,44 <main+0x44> + 40: 0100006f j 50 <main+0x50> + 44: 0010051b addiw a0,zero,1 + 48: 0140006f j 5c <main+0x5c> + 4c: 0100006f j 5c <main+0x5c> + 50: 00008537 lui a0,0x8 + 54: 7005051b addiw a0,a0,1792 + 58: 00000033 add zero,zero,zero + 5c: 02813083 ld ra,40(sp) + 60: 02013403 ld s0,32(sp) + 64: 03010113 addi sp,sp,48 + 68: 00008067 ret +``` +\End{multicols} + +\normalsize + +# What needs to be done + +## GCC - What needs to be done + +- Properly package the GCC-4.6.4 to include C++ support, and fix all the + libraries that might be missing. +- Build the backported GCC-4.6.4 using TinyCC +- Build GCC-7.5 using the backported GCC-4.6.4 + +## TinyCC - What needs to be done + +- Build the bootstrappable TinyCC using GNU Mes +- Decide if we need the upstream TinyCC to build GCC or not + - If we do: build the upstream TinyCC with the bootstrappable TinyCC + +## GNU Mes - What needs to be done + +- Review the current RISC-V support and prepare it to be merged + +## Guix - What needs to be done + +- Describe the whole compiler compiler chain in the bootstrapping packages so + everyone can benefit from it + +## Extra + +Do it all in real hardware + +# Last words + +## Last words + +There's still a lot of work to be done, most of it being the integration of the +work I already did in the past thanks to NlNet. + +The future is bright though. We are probably going to get more funds from NlNet +to involve more people on this. + +Wanna join? + +## Contact and take part + +- Email me: <ekaitz@elenq.tech> +- Relevant IRC channels: `#bootstrappable`, `#guix`, `#guix-risc-v` + +# Thank you diff --git a/Fosdem2023/img/BASE.svg b/Fosdem2023/img/BASE.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..facfa8e --- /dev/null +++ b/Fosdem2023/img/BASE.svg @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) --> + +<svg + width="210mm" + height="148mm" + viewBox="0 0 793.70081 559.37006" + version="1.1" + id="svg5" + inkscape:version="1.2.1 (9c6d41e410, 2022-07-14)" + sodipodi:docname="BASE.svg" + xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape" + xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd" + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" + xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> + <sodipodi:namedview + id="namedview7" + pagecolor="#ffffff" + 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+\documentclass[$if(fontsize)$$fontsize$,$endif$$if(lang)$$babel-lang$,$endif$$if(handout)$handout,$endif$$if(beamer)$ignorenonframetext,$endif$$for(classoption)$$classoption$$sep$,$endfor$]{$documentclass$} +\setbeamertemplate{caption}[numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{caption label separator}{: } +\selectcolormodel{gray} % Color B&W +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbols$if(navigation)$$navigation$$else$empty$endif$ + +\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath} +\usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex} +\usepackage{fixltx2e} % provides \textsubscript + + +\usefonttheme{professionalfonts} % using non standard fonts for beamer +\usefonttheme{serif} % default family is serif + +% Font +\usepackage{fontspec} +\setmainfont[ + BoldFont = {*-Bold}, + ItalicFont = {*-Italic}, + BoldItalicFont = {*-BoldItalic}, +]{Lato} +\newcommand{\euro}{€} + +% Images with no captions +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup[figure]{labelformat=empty} + +% Bullet style +\useinnertheme{circles} +\newlength{\wideitemsep} +\setlength{\wideitemsep}{\itemsep} +\addtolength{\wideitemsep}{5pt} +\let\olditem\item +\renewcommand{\item}{\setlength{\itemsep}{\wideitemsep}\olditem} + +$if(euro)$ + \newcommand{\euro}{€} +$endif$ + +% Language +\usepackage{polyglossia} +\setmainlanguage[$polyglossia-lang.options$]{$polyglossia-lang.name$} + +\newif\ifbibliography +$if(natbib)$ +\usepackage{natbib} +\bibliographystyle{$if(biblio-style)$$biblio-style$$else$plainnat$endif$} +$endif$ +$if(biblatex)$ +\usepackage[$if(biblio-style)$style=$biblio-style$,$endif$$for(biblatexoptions)$$biblatexoptions$$sep$,$endfor$]{biblatex} +$for(bibliography)$ +\addbibresource{$bibliography$} +$endfor$ +$endif$ + +$if(verbatim-in-note)$ +\usepackage{fancyvrb} +$endif$ + +\hypersetup{ +$if(title-meta)$ + pdftitle={$title-meta$}, +$endif$ +$if(author-meta)$ + pdfauthor={$author-meta$}, +$endif$ +$if(keywords)$ + pdfkeywords={$for(keywords)$$keywords$$sep$, $endfor$}, +$endif$ +$if(colorlinks)$ + colorlinks=true, + linkcolor=$if(linkcolor)$$linkcolor$$else$Maroon$endif$, + citecolor=$if(citecolor)$$citecolor$$else$Blue$endif$, + urlcolor=$if(urlcolor)$$urlcolor$$else$Blue$endif$, +$else$ + pdfborder={0 0 0}, +$endif$ + breaklinks=true} +\urlstyle{same} % don't use monospace font for urls +$if(verbatim-in-note)$ +\VerbatimFootnotes % allows verbatim text in footnotes +$endif$ +$if(listings)$ +\usepackage{listings} +$endif$ +$if(lhs)$ +\lstnewenvironment{code}{\lstset{language=Haskell,basicstyle=\small\ttfamily}}{} +$endif$ +$if(highlighting-macros)$ +$highlighting-macros$ +$endif$ +$if(tables)$ +\usepackage{longtable,booktabs} +\usepackage{caption} +% These lines are needed to make table captions work with longtable: +\makeatletter +\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable} +\makeatother +$endif$ +$if(graphics)$ +\usepackage{graphicx,grffile} +\makeatletter +\def\maxwidth{\ifdim\Gin@nat@width>\linewidth\linewidth\else\Gin@nat@width\fi} +\def\maxheight{\ifdim\Gin@nat@height>\textheight0.8\textheight\else\Gin@nat@height\fi} +\makeatother +% Scale images if necessary, so that they will not overflow the page +% margins by default, and it is still possible to overwrite the defaults +% using explicit options in \includegraphics[width, height, ...]{} +\setkeys{Gin}{width=\maxwidth,height=\maxheight,keepaspectratio} +$endif$ + +% Prevent slide breaks in the middle of a paragraph: +\widowpenalties 1 10000 +\raggedbottom + +$if(section-titles)$ +\AtBeginPart{ + \let\insertpartnumber\relax + \let\partname\relax + \frame{\partpage} +} +\AtBeginSection{ + \ifbibliography + \else + \let\insertsectionnumber\relax + \let\sectionname\relax + \frame{\sectionpage} + \fi +} +\AtBeginSubsection{ + \let\insertsubsectionnumber\relax + \let\subsectionname\relax + \frame{\subsectionpage} +} +$endif$ + +$if(links-as-notes)$ +% Make links footnotes instead of hotlinks: +\renewcommand{\href}[2]{#2\footnote{\url{#1}}} +$endif$ + +$if(strikeout)$ +\usepackage[normalem]{ulem} +% avoid problems with \sout in headers with hyperref: +\pdfstringdefDisableCommands{\renewcommand{\sout}{}} +$endif$ +\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} +\setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt} +\setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines +\providecommand{\tightlist}{% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} +$if(numbersections)$ +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{$if(secnumdepth)$$secnumdepth$$else$5$endif$} +$else$ +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0} +$endif$ +$if(dir)$ +\ifxetex + % load bidi as late as possible as it modifies e.g. graphicx + $if(latex-dir-rtl)$ + \usepackage[RTLdocument]{bidi} + $else$ + \usepackage{bidi} + $endif$ +\fi +\ifnum 0\ifxetex 1\fi\ifluatex 1\fi=0 % if pdftex + \TeXXeTstate=1 + \newcommand{\RL}[1]{\beginR #1\endR} + \newcommand{\LR}[1]{\beginL #1\endL} + \newenvironment{RTL}{\beginR}{\endR} + \newenvironment{LTR}{\beginL}{\endL} +\fi +$endif$ +$for(header-includes)$ +$header-includes$ +$endfor$ + +$if(title)$ +\title{$title$} +$endif$ +$if(subtitle)$ +\subtitle{$subtitle$} +$endif$ +$if(author)$ +\author{$for(author)$$author$$sep$ \and $endfor$} +$endif$ +$if(institute)$ +\institute{$for(institute)$$institute$$sep$ \and $endfor$} +$endif$ +\date{$date$} + +\begin{document} +$if(title)$ +\frame{\titlepage} +$endif$ + +$for(include-before)$ +$include-before$ + +$endfor$ +$if(toc)$ +\begin{frame} +\tableofcontents[hideallsubsections] +\end{frame} + +$endif$ +$body$ + +$if(natbib)$ +$if(bibliography)$ +$if(biblio-title)$ +$if(book-class)$ +\renewcommand\bibname{$biblio-title$} +$else$ +\renewcommand\refname{$biblio-title$} +$endif$ +$endif$ +\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{$biblio-title$} +\bibliographytrue +\bibliography{$for(bibliography)$$bibliography$$sep$,$endfor$} +\end{frame} + +$endif$ +$endif$ +$if(biblatex)$ +\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{$biblio-title$} +\bibliographytrue +\printbibliography[heading=none] +\end{frame} + +$endif$ +$for(include-after)$ +$include-after$ + +$endfor$ +\end{document} |
